Longitudinal Assessment References
Due to copyright restrictions, the AOBPMR cannot provide most reference materials used for longitudinal assessment. However, a list of the references used for the 2026 and 2025 longitudinal assessments can be found below.
Exam References
2026 references
- Netter’s Sports Medicine, 1st ed. (2010); pg. 62;Foundations for Osteopathic Medicine, 2nd ed. (2003); pg. 748
- Low Back and Neck Pain: Comprehensive Diagnosis and Management, 3rd ed. (2004); pg. 131-132
- Foundations of Osteopathic Medicine, 4th ed. (2018); Acute Low Back Pain; pg. 1120
- Greenman’s Principles of Manual Medicine, 5th ed. (2017); Ch. 17: Pelvic Girdle
https://osteopathicmedicine.lwwhealthlibrary.com/content.aspx?sectionid=116100335&bookid=1743 - Dysfunction;Greenman’s Principles of Manual Medicine, 4th ed. (2011); Ch. 17: Pelvic Girdle Dysfunction; pg. 350-351
- Travell Simons Myofascial Pain and Dysfunction: The Trigger Point Manual, Volume 1, Upper Half of Body, 2nd ed. (1999); pg. 308-328
- Compendium Edition: Clinical Application of Counterstrain, 1st ed. (2012)
- Current Journal of Neurology (Jul 2023); Vol. 22, Issue 3
- An assessment of Martin-Gruber anastomosis discrepancies between healthy individuals and patients with carpal tunnel syndrome in motor nerve conduction studies; pg. 179-187
- Current Treatment Options in Neurology (Mar 2022); Vol. 24, Issue 4
- Critical illness myopathy: diagnostic approach and resulting therapeutic implications; pg. 173-182
- North American Spine Society Journal (Sep 2023); Vol. 16; Advances in diagnosis and management of atypical spinal infections: a comprehensive review
- Journal of Spine Surgery (Jun 2024); Vol. 10, Issue 2; Updates in current concepts in degenerative cervical myelopathy: a systematic review; pg. 313-326
- European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences (Jan 2021); Vol. 25, Issue 2; Conservative management vs. surgical repair in degenerative rotator cuff tears: a systematic review and meta-analysis; pg. 609-619
- Medicine (Feb 2021); Vol. 100, Issue 7; Platelet-rich plasma injection vs corticosteroid injection for conservative treatment of rotator cuff lesions: a systematic review and meta-analysis; Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine (Apr 2020); Vol. 8, Issue 4
- Efficacy of stem cell therapy for tendon disorders: a systematic review;Rheumatology Advances in Practice (Oct 2023); Vol. 7, Issue 3
- Current and future advances in practice: tendinopathies of the shoulder
- Braddom’s Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 6th ed. (2020); pg. 222-223
- Braddom’s Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 6th ed. (2020); pg. 224-225
- Braddom’s Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 6th ed. (2020); pg. 250-253
- Braddom’s Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 6th ed. (2020); pg. 232
- Brain Injury Medicine, 3rd ed. (2021); Ch. 83; pg. 1268
- Brain Injury Medicine, 3rd ed. (2021); Ch. 83; pg. 1270
- AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Work Ability and Return to Work, 2nd ed. (2011); Ch. 4; pg. 49
https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-20/chapter-III/part-404/subpart-P/subject-group - Code of Federal Regulations (Updated Sep 2024); Physical exertion requirements ECFR13cc99c8ddf8f09/section-404.1567
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Board Review, 4th ed. (2020); Ch. 9: Pulmonary, Cardiac and Cancer Rehabilitation; pg. 706
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Board Review, 4th ed. (2020); Ch. 9: Pulmonary, Cardiac and Cancer Rehabilitation; pg. 713
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Board Review, 4th ed. (2020); Ch. 9: Pulmonary, Cardiac and Cancer Rehabilitation; pg. 711
- Muscle Nerve (Dec 2022); Vol. 66, Issue 6; Traumatic injury to peripheral nerves; pg. 661-670
- Muscle Nerve (Jan 2021); Vol. 63, Issue 1; Autonomic neuropathies; pg. 10-21;Neurocritical Care (Feb 2020); Vol. 32, Issue 1
- Muscle Nerve (Jan 2021); Vol. 63, Issue 1; Autonomic neuropathies; pg. 10-21;Neurocritical Care (Feb 2020); Vol. 32, Issue 1
- Dysautonomia in Guillain-Barré syndrome: prevalence, clinical spectrum, and outcomes; pg. 113-120
- Knowledge Now (Updated Jan 2024); Critical illness myopathy
https://now.aapmr.org/critical-illness-myopathy/#:~:text=Definition,with20significant20morbidity20and20mortality.&text=This20is20the20most20common,Critical20illness20polyneuromyopathy20(CIPNM).&text=CIM20has20also20been20termed,thick20filament20(myosin)20loss>PM&R - Current Treatment Options in Neurology (Jan 2022); Vol. 24, Issue 4; Critical illness myopathy: diagnostic approach and resulting therapeutic implications; pg. 173-182
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation: Principles and Practice, 6th ed. (2020); Ch. 56
- BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care (Jan 2024); Vol. 13, Issue e3
- Dysphagia screening post-stroke: systematic review; pg. e641-e650
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37364991/ - Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience (2023); Vol. 41, Issue 3-4; Targeted neurorehabilitation strategies in post-stroke aphasia; pg. 129-191;
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37980575/ - Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology (Sep 2024); Vol. 37, Issue 3; Articulatory-based phonemic paraphasia in conduction aphasia: a dysfunction in phoneme-to-articulation conversion uncovered through crossed aphasia; pg. 165-179
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39091095/ - Clinical Rehabilitation (Nov 2017); Vol. 31, Issue 11; Effectiveness of neuromuscular electrical stimulation for management of shoulder subluxation post-stroke: a systematic review with meta-analysis; pg. 1431-1444
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28343442/ - Journal of Pain Research (Oct 2022); Vol. 15; Post-stroke complex regional pain syndrome and upper limb inactivity in hemiplegic patients: a cross-sectional study; pg. 3255-3262
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36281309/ - Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (Apr 1988); Vol. 69, Issue 4
- Diffuse positive waves: case report; pg. 295-296
- Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (Apr 2002); Vol. 83, Issue 4; “EMG Disease” with bulbar muscle involvement: a case report; pg. 568-569
- Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (Jul 1988); Vol. 69, Issue 7; Syndrome of diffuse abnormal insertional activity: case report and family study; pg. 534-536
- Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (Sep 1979); Vol. 60, Issue 9; Diffuse abnormal electromyographic insertional activity: a preliminary report; pg. 419-422
- Life (Jun 2022); Vol. 12, Issue 6; Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation-based physical therapy on the improvement of balance and gait in patients with chronic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis; pg. 882
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35743913/ - Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (Sep 2007); Vol. 88, Issue 9
- Diffusely increased insertional activity: “EMG Disease” or asymptomatic myotonia congenita? A report of 2 cases; pg. 1212-1213
- Journal of Clinical Neurology (Sep 2012); Vol. 8, Issue 3; Clinical characteristics and analysis of CLCN1 in patients with “EMG Disease”; pg. 212-217
2025 references
- Acta Neurochirurgica (Jan 2021); Vol. 163, Issue 1; Early surgery determines recovery of motor deficits in lumbar disc herniations-a prospective single-center study; pg. 275-280.
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (Jul 2021); Ch. 1: Clinical Manifestation and Management of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis; Table 1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK573427/
- Arthritis & Rheumatology (Aug 2023); Vol. 75, Issue 8; 2022 American College of Rheumatology guideline for exercise, rehabilitation, diet, and additional integrative interventions for rheumatoid arthritis; pg. 1299-1311.
- Arthritis & Rheumatology (Feb 2020); Vol. 72, Issue 2; 2019 American College of Rheumatology/Arthritis Foundation guideline for the management of osteoarthritis of the hand, hip, and knee; pg. 220-233.
- Arthritis and Rheumatism (Aug 2006); Vol. 54, Issue 8; Classification criteria for psoriatic arthritis: development of new criteria from a large international study; pg. 2665-2673.
- BMJ Open (Jul 2019); Vol. 9, Issue 7; Pharmacological interventions for agitated behaviours in patients with traumatic brain injury: a systematic review.
- Braddom’s Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 6th ed. (2021); Ch. 42.
- Braddom’s Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 6th ed. (2021); Ch. 49. https://www.clinicalkey.com.au/dura/browse/bookChapter/3-s2.0-C20170035863
- Braddom’s Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 6th ed. (2021); Ch. 69.
- Braddom’s Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 6th ed. (2020); Ch. 33: Low Back Disorders.
- Braddom’s Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 6th ed. (2020); Ch. 43; pg. 930.
- Braddom’s Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 6th ed. (2021); Ch. 31; pg. 606-626.
- Braddom’s Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 6th ed. (2021); Ch. 31; pg. 606-626.
- Braddom’s Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 6th ed. (2021); Ch. 43; pg. 916.
- Braddom’s Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 6th ed. (2021); Ch. 43; pg. 940.
- Brain Injury Medicine, 3rd ed. (2022); Ch. 30; pg. 447-449.
- Clinical Autonomic Research (Aug 2017); Vol. 27, Issue 4; Typical vasovagal syncope as a “defense mechanism” for the heart by contrasting sympathetic overactivity; pg. 253-261.
- Clinical Rheumatology (Oct 2003); Vol. 22, Issue 4-5; Inclusion body myositis in connective tissue disorders: case report and review of the literature; pg. 324-328.
- Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine (Dec 2020); Vol. 13, Issue 6; The prevalence and management of stingers in college and professional collision athletes; pg. 651-662.
- Current Sports Medicine Reports (Dec 2006); Vol. 5, Issue 6; Down syndrome and sport participation; pg. 315-318.
- Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology (Oct 2013); Vol. 55, Issue 10; A systematic review of interventions for children with cerebral palsy: state of the evidence; pg. 885-910.
- EFORT Open Reviews (Mar 2018); Vol. 3, Issue 3; Axillary nerve injury associated with glenohumeral dislocation: a review and algorithm for management; pg. 70-77.
- HSS Journal: The Musculoskeletal Journal of Hospital for Special Surgery (Oct 2011); Vol. 7, Issue 3; Cervical radiculopathy: a review; pg. 265-272.
- Journal of Children’s Orthopaedics (Nov 2013); Vol. 7, Issue 5; Overview of foot deformity management in children with cerebral palsy; pg. 373-377.
- Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology (Dec 2020); Vol. 42, Issue 10; Complicated versus uncomplicated mild traumatic brain injuries: a comparison of psychological, cognitive, and post-concussion symptom outcomes; pg. 1049-1058.
- Journal of Clinical Medicine (Jul 2023); Vol. 12, Issue 13; Nerve injuries after glenohumeral dislocation, a systematic review of incidence and risk factors.
- Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology (Mar 2020); Vol. 5, Issue 2; Brachial plexus injuries in sport medicine: clinical evaluation, diagnostic approaches, treatment options, and rehabilitative interventions; pg. 22.
- Journal of Neurology (Mar 2023); Vol. 270, Issue 3; Inclusion body myositis: from genetics to clinical trials; pg. 1787-1797.
- Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research (Feb 2022); Vol. 17, Issue 1; Global prevalence of Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy: a systematic review and meta-analysis; pg. 96.
- Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research (Sep 2022); Vol. 17, Issue 1; Efficacy of conservative treatment for spastic cerebral palsy children with equinus gait: a systematic review and meta-analysis; pg. 411.
- Journal of Personalized Medicine (May 2022); Vol. 12, Issue 5; Spasticity management after spinal cord injury: the here and now; pg. 808. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12050808
- Muscle & Nerve (Apr 2020); Vol. 61, Issue 4; Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy; pg. 436-448.
- Muscle and Nerve (Oct 2000); Vol. 23, Issue 10; Electrodiagnostic studies in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and other motor neuron disorders; pg. 1488-1502.
- Musculoskeletal Physical Examination: An Evidence-Based Approach, 2nd ed. (2017); Ch. 7; pg. 106-144.
- Musculoskeletal Physical Examination: An Evidence-Based Approach, 2nd ed. (2017); pg. 18-30.
- Neuromodulation (Oct 2019); Vol. 22, Issue 7; Intrathecal baclofen therapy in patients with multiple sclerosis: improved outcomes and reduced costs through identification of catheter malfunction; pg. 839-842.
- Neuromuscular Disorders (Apr 2021); Vol. 31, Issue 4; Miyoshi myopathy and limb girdle muscular dystrophy R2 are the same disease; pg. 265-280.
- Pediatric Drugs (Aug 2019); Vol. 21, Issue 4; Botulinum toxin in the management of children with cerebral palsy; pg. 261-281. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31257556/
- Pain Management, 2nd ed. (2011); Ch. 142; pg. 1057.
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation (2011); Ch. 55: Spinal Cord Injury.
- PLOS Genetics (May 2018); Vol. 14, Issue 5; Analysis of motor dysfunction in Down Syndrome reveals motor neuron degeneration; pg. e1007383.
- PLoS One (Jan 2021); Vol. 16, Issue 1; Tendon release reduced joint stiffness with unaltered leg stiffness during gait in spastic diplegic cerebral palsy; pg. e0245616.
- Prilozi (Apr 2021); Vol. 42, Issue 1; Brachial plexus injuries – review of the anatomy and the treatment options; pg. 91-103.
- Spaulding Rehabilitation Network (Updated 2020); CRS-R Coma Recovery Scale-Revised: administration and scoring guidelines. https://www.tbims.org/combi/crs/CRS%20Syllabus.pdf
- StatPearls (Updated Aug 2023); Electrodiagnostic evaluation of carpal tunnel syndrome. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562235/
- StatPearls (Updated Jul 2023); Vasovagal episode. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470277/#:~:text=Vasovagal%20syncope%20is%20the%20most%20common%20form%20of%20syncope%20in,are%20due%20to%20vasovagal%20syncope
- StatPearls (Updated Nov 2023); De Quervain tenosynovitis. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK442005/
- The Canadian Journal of Cardiology (May 2014); Vol. 30, Suppl. 5; Contemporary use of β-blockers: clinical relevance of subclassification; pg. S9-S15.
- The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (Oct 2015); Vol. 97, Issue 20; Scapular winging: evaluation and treatment: AAOS exhibit selection; pg. 1708-1716.
- The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine (Nov 2011); Vol. 34, Issue 6; International standards for neurological classification of spinal cord injury (revised 2011); pg. 535-546.
- Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation (May 2021); Vol. 27, Issue 2; International standards for neurological classification of spinal cord injury: revised 2019; pg. 1-22. https://doi.org/10.46292/sci2702-1